우표는 99% 이상이 종이에 인쇄한다. 종이의 종류는 헤아릴 수 없을 만큼 많고, 또 위조를 막기 위해 투문을 넣거나 은선
(銀線) 또는 비단선(silk)을 넣기도 한다. 그리고 우표 표면에 여러가지 설정을 하기도 한다.
Articles FFE = Fake Forgery Expert
FFE #7
Franked Newspapers in the Serbian Principality 1866-1880
Class: Aero
Dr. Vekizar M. Kardosch
10 pages article in English and in German. A very interesting article that opposes another article in FFE No. 5, 2002 in which two rare newspapers were regarded forged on a very doubtfull basis as to the author.The author defends previous oppinions of the rare newspapers as genuine.
FFE #7
Il Grande Raid Aero Franco - Italiano: Bologna-Venice-Rimini-Bologna, 17-18 September 1911
Class: TR
Dr. Fiorenzo Longhi
8 pages article in English and in Italian. Two forged letters/cards are compared with genuine ones.
FFE #7
The ZP3 forged overprint
Class: TR
Dieter Leder
14 pages article in German and in English. The article confirms with many interesting close-up photos a forgery of partial double overprint.
FFE #7
The Carlista Forgeries wrongly called re-impressions
Class: TR
Eduardo Escalada
6 pages article in English and Spanish illustrating characteristica of the forgeries.
FFE #7
Manipulations
Class: PH
Heinz Erwin Jungjohan
2 pages article in English and German, demonstrating how a demaged letter got restored. Illustrated before and after restoration.
FFE #7
Illegal and Forged stamps - two faces of the same scourge
Class: TR
Albertino de Figueiredo
6 pages in English and Spanish about the fight against illegal issues.
FFE #7
Forgery og the Dornstetten (O.A. FREUDENSTADT) postmark
Class: TR
Jürgen Straub
2 pages article reporting about new finds of forged postmarks on covers from inflation period appearing on flea markets in Germany.
FFE #7
Relationship among art, science and philately
Class: TR
Ernst M. Cohn
9 pages article in English and German. About using postal history as a tool for detecting forgeries.
FFE #7
Forgeries or manipulations of Strubel bisects
Class: TR
Erhard Keller
5 pages article in English and German. 5 interesting cases are demonstrated.
FFE #7
Queensland archival strikes - not what they appear
Class: TR
Bernie Beston
3 pages article in English.
FFE #7
Austrian Mail in Hungary - unusual frankings with Austria's 5th issue.
Class: TR
Istvan Glatz
8 pages article with description of 5 GENUINE covers from same correspondence, all sent to New York.
FFE #7
"Sunday-print", "Ferrarity" og reprint.
Class: TR
Carl Aage Møller
2 pages article about Iceland 25 Aur with black I GILDI overprint. This stamp has got overprinted after all other values were printed as "Sunday-prints". The original typography was used for overprint but compiled different from the 6 settings used in the correct period.
FFE #7
Not forged - but?
Class: TR
Hans Ehlern Jessen
3 pages article in English. The article reports analysis of a cover bearing a 14 Cents stamp from The Danish Westindies. Forged or manipulated?
FFE #7
Forgeries of the Argentinean Forerunner Postmarks
Class: TR
Dr. Mario D. Kurchan
3 pages article in English and in Spanish. Five covers and two letter cuts are analyzed in the article - forgeries produced from unfranked without cancels. Rubber cancels reproduced from the Knietschel catalogue issued 1958 are applied on the items.
FFE #7
The papers and the different colours found in Jean de Sperati's production of the first two issues of Newfoundland
Class: TR
Richard Gratton
11 pages article in english and in french. A scientific analysis of colour and paper used for the forgeries of Sperati.
FFE #7
Portuguese Navigators
Class: TR
Pedro Marcal Vaz Pereira
A problem i Portuguese philately. 4 pages article in english. Proofs made by the stamp designer Martins Barata (Sr.) were a private print not made for the actual process of manufacturing the stamps.
FFE #7
Issues for the XI International Railway Congress og Spain for the year 1930 and forgeries of it
Class: TR
Enrique Soro Bergua
10 pages article in english and spanish. Article with many excellent illustrations comparing genuine and forgeries of the Issue.
FFE #7
New Carlisle Cover Analysis
Class: TR
Vincent Graves Greene, Philatelic Research Foundation
3 pages article in englich with illustrations of two covers including newresearch of a Carlisle cover.
FFE #7
Faked covers from Sicily 1859-60
Class: TR
Francesco Lombardo
8 pages article in english and italian. The author demonstrates how postal historical knowledge discloses faked covers.
FFE #7
Fakes and forgeries of Australian Italy (Lombardo-Veneto) 1850-1866
Class: TR
Kurt E. Kimmel
5 pages article in english and german. Illustrations demonstrates genuine and faked postmarks and a forgery of 10 Cents, a 12-block with four St. Andrews crosses.
FFE #7
Doubtful and bogus items from Bolivia, Carpatho-Ukraine, Hungary, Latvia and USSR
Class: TR
Andrew Cronin
4 pages article in english. The author gives an interesting background for various doubtful overprint issues, e.g. Hungary, Michel Nos. 598-611. Latvia, Michel Nos. 282,283,286,290 & 291 with red star overprint with initials, USSR Michel Nos. 675,679, 682 & 685 with "error" overprints.
FFE #7
Some Brazilian fakes and forgeries
Class: TR
Paulo Comelli
11 pages article in english, describing e.g. a faked cover with 90rs Bull's Eye with forged cancel "ITABAPOANA", a 90rs Bull's Eye block of four with ink cancel and with small defects - the block appeared later as unused (ink removed) and with repaird defects.
FFE #7
The Last Postal Forgery, which appeared in Spain, based on a design by Joan Miró, dedicated to his friend Picasso
Class: TR
Alfredo Navarro Payá
5 pages article in english and in spanish. The article describes how the determinate the postal forgery.
FFE #7
Expert
Class: Other
Jean-Francois Brun
The 25 elements that significates an expert. English and french.
FFE #7
Himalayan Phantasies
Class: TR
Wolfgang Hellrigl
6 pages article with description and excellent illustrations of 5 covers with forged cancels. By the end of the article is a modern forgery shown, a block of 10 of the 1960 1 Rupee, Birthday of King Mahendra, Official stamp with HANDPAINTED OVERPRINT.
FFE #7
Forgeries of the Moscow City Post Stationery Entire
Class: TR
Zbigniew Mikulski
6 pages article in english. The article illustrates genuine as well as forged stationeries with many excellent photos.
FFE #7
A. Ronald Butler
Class: TR
The Diadem Fivepence
3 pages article in english describing forgeries of imperfs, "Specimen" overprints as well as Spiro and Panelli forgeries.
FFE #7
Class: PH
Dieter Bortfeldt
Forgeries on Colombian pre-philatelic covers. 16 pages article in english and spanish. Describing the forgeries of "NEIVA" and "BUCARAMANGA" wiht many illustrations.
FFE #8
Mystery of Brazilian Parahyba provisional
Class: Aero
Wolfgang Maassen
Taking off from an aggravating change in the renowned MICHEL Zeppelin and airmail catalogue 2002, which discontinued the listing of Brazil's famous "Parahyba provisional", the author, W. Maassen, traces the early history of this provisional, so important in aerophilately. By analysis of existing literature he documents its sources back to the year 1932 and discusses in this first part of a study the typical circumstances and conditions in Brazil in the early 1930's, by way of which he refutes objections previously raised by I. Lukanc and recently repeated by D. Leder to question the authenticity of the Parahyba provisional. keywords: airmail, aerophilately, provisional, overprint, Zeppelin, Parahyba, Brazil
FFE #8
Faked postage due and registration usage of the Chinese imerial 3rd issue postcards
Class: PST
Yu-An Chen
The 3rd issues of Chinese Imperial Postcards are always hot items to the Chinese Postal Card collectors. Among the 3rd issues, the Postal Due and Registration usage are very rare and quite expensive, that made these items become the targets of forgers. The content of this article is to reveal the tricks of these forgers. Hope collectors would pay more attention and keep away from those forgeries. Key words: Forgeries of the Chinese Imperial Postcards
FFE #8
New forgeries of Colombian prephilatelic postal markings
Class: PH
Dieter Bortfeldt
The article shows and explains a new type of Colombian Forgeries of pre-philatelic letters. Original entires without any postal markings from the Spanish Royal Mail period of 1775 to 1820 are marked with handpainted Bogus / Fantasy Colonial postal markings not recorded before. The enlargements of the details show clearly this "work of art" of the unknown forger.
FFE #8
Swan of duckling in Belgian philately
Class: TR
Morten Johan Linstrup
The real date of issue for 5(+5) c Small Medallion (COB129) is shown to be, most likely, 6 October 1914, i.e. not 3 Oct 1914. (b) A seemingly non-philatelic use of 10(+10) c Small Medallion (COB130), imperforate left, is shown. (c) A cover with a forged 10(+10) c Mérode monument used - probably inadvertently - to harm the Post is shown. It is claimed that postal use of such forgeries is an overlooked particular in Belgian postal history. It is further speculated that such objects may be the earliest case to be found of forgeries to harm philatelists actually being used to harm the Post. Key Words: Belgium, Red Cross, Mérode monument, Mérode forgery, postal use of forgery
FFE #8
FIP and philatelic expertising
Class: Other
Tay Peng Hian
The FIP Expert Team was in action since 1990, to check for any forged items in FIP exhibitions. This article tells how the Expert Team functions, and the effect of their actions that have created more awareness of the exhibitors in buying. Key words: Detection of forged philatelic items at FIP exhibitions.
FFE #8
Iceland 1924, 10 Kr./1 Kr. Provisional with double overprint, facit catalouge no 123V.
Class: TR
Carl Aage Møller
The only known Kr. 10/1 Kr. Provisional from Iceland is a FORGERY. The article illustrates why.
FFE #8
42 Penny black block
Class: TR
A.I.E.P
The AIEP board, refering to the news announced by Mr Paolo Vaccari and widely diffused by the Press, about discovering of a block 42 Penny Black.
FFE #8
SuperB on-peice forgeries
Class: Other
Heikki Reinkainen
The article 'Superb on piece forgeries' deals with forgeries consisting of usually two or more stamps of various colours on piece or clipping instead of full cover forgeries found in growing quantities in the marketplace.
FFE #8
Questionable items of Bulgaria, Romania and Russia
Class: TR
Andrew Cronin
Four separate sections to the article, covering Bulgaria and the Russian area.
FFE #8
Clandestine "Ceres" stamps from Portugal
Class: PH
J. Miranda da Mota
The article aims at examining thoroughly the characteristics and description of the perforated clandestine Ceres stamps from Portugal. Aspects about the genuine portuguese Ceres issues are referred to frame the subject. A special attention to the characteristics and particularities of the clandestine stamps perforation have been done in order to identifie it in comparison to the genuine ones, both with the 15x14 and with the 12x11 1/2 perforation. The article finish with a list of the clandestine Ceres stamps: face value, colour, perforation, type of gravure (with or without retouch), paper, and the correspondent issue of the genuine ones.
FFE #8
I accuse of Fraud Belgian Rural postmen between 1849 and 1860
Class: PH
Leo De Clercq
" The Belgian rural postman developped a difficult to intercept system of fraud. Collected letters to distribute during the same rural round must been taxed with a minimum of 10 centimes. The received taxes of such letters are to be inscribed on the way bill. It is impossible to prove today if that is didden correctly. On the other hand, from the first years of the use of stamps: 1849-1860, I discovered rural franked letters from wich the mint stamp was taken off. In the place of them have been placed used stamps. To dissimulate the fraud these stamps have been spoiled with ink by the rural postmen . When I found in one rural archive fifteen such letters, in all the country have been thousands of them." Key Words: Belgium - Medaillons, Fraud by rural postmen, Belgium - Rural post
FFE #8
A wake up call for Australian philately
Class: PH
Bernie Beston
The faking of Official perforation on Postal Stationery of the Australian States and the Commonwealth of Australia, especially Newspaper wrappers. Key Words: Perfins; Newspaper wrappers; Australian States; Commonwealth of Australia.
FFE #8
Forgerires to decieve the Canadian post office
Class: PH
Richard Gratton
As in most countries, in Canada there exist numerous forgeries to deceive the post. They are sought after by specialist collectors and enthusiasts for fakes and postal frauds. Since I have been often approached by the Security Service of the Canadian Post and by the Royal Canadian Mountain Police ( RCMP ) as an expert consultant in their enquiries about certain forgeries, I think it will be of interest if I share some information with the readers of Fakes Forgeries Experts (FFE) and my colleagues in the International Association of Experts in Philately (A.I.E.P.) This article list all Canadian forgeries know to defraud the Canadian postal system. Key Words: CANADIAN POSTAL FORGERIES, POSTAL FRAUDS
FFE #8
The "Brighton" Forgeries of Jammu and Kashmir
Class: TR
Wolfgang Hellrigl
The so-called ?Brighton? forgeries were produced between 1902 and 1907 by Harold Treherne. The forgeries were made by photographically transferring the design of the originals to a zinc printing plate. The Brighton forger imitated numerous stamps of the Indian States, and British Colonies, but his earliest and most famous forgeries are those of Jammu and Kashmir. The author tells the story of these imitations and adds a very detailed check list of the numerous Brighton forgeries of Jammu and Kashmir.
FFE #8
New dangerous forgeries and Czech philately
Class: TR
Frantisek Benes
The article introduces new dangerous forgeries of Czechoslovak as well as foreign stamps that appeared on the Czechoslovak market after 1989, very often in connection with the import of stamps from abroad to the Czech lands. The article discusses repaired stamps from the U.S. collections, as well as various stamps printed in the 1970s from misused original stocks or plates. However, its main theme is the recent discovery of dangerous forgeries of overprints on the stamps of Czechoslovakia, Germany, Wrtenberg, Danzig and Saare, Zara, Elsass and Vilnius. The forgeries of the 1932 German stamp with the overprint flaw 12 + 3 Rdf are also discussed. Many of the forgeries have certificates of genuineness from both former Czech and foreign experts. The article is supplemented by a brief history of stamp collecting and organized philately in the Czech lands since the 1870s, and comments on a changing profile of Czech stamp market. Key Words: Czech philately - Forgeries of stamps - Overprints - Czechoslovak stamps - German stamps
FFE #8
Fakes of the Swiss telegraph stamps
Class: TR
Kurt E. Kimmel
Faked cancellations on Swiss Telegraph stamps exist due to the fact that huge remainders of mint sheets were sold in 1887 and cancelled after their validity period (Dec 31, 1886) partly using the original cancelling devices. Thanks to the carefully kept records of dates and condition upon receipt when these were returned to the PTT in Berne, in most cases we can prove if the Swiss Telegraph stamps were cancelled during their validity period or not. If this was done fraudulently afterwards, we have to call them fakes even if the Telegraph stamps are original and the cancellation done with the same canceller as used during the validity period. Genuine and faked ones with the same cancellation are illustrated in order to teach the reader how to detect the fakes. Key Words: Swiss Telegraph stamps Remainders Faked cancellations Albert Auberson PTT Records "Stempelkontrolle"
FFE #8
Allahabad - Naini flight 1911 forged post mark of world´s first official airmail
Class: Aero
Pradip Jain
A special Postmark was applied on the historical world's first official airmail flight on 18th Feb. 1911 from Allahabad to Naini. The forgery of this famous Postmark also exist.
FFE #8
Fakes and forgeries of Slovenia 15 and 20 kronen
Class: TR
Per Friis Mortensen
Description of the "Padevet forgeries" and the "Sunday printings".
FFE #8
Review of the "Degron-kun Covers". French/Japanese combination covers
Class: TR
Jun Ichi Matsumoto
Definition and description covers with mixed frankings
FFE #8
On the expertising of Postage Stamps. Advice for collectors with historical review on forgeries and experts
Class: TR
Prof. Dr. Ulrich Ferchenbauer
Description of various types of forgeries, improvements etc. Methods of expertising, signing, identification of false stamps and description of quality. English and German text.
FFE #8
Falsification of the so-called "St. Gottard Post Card"
Class: TR
Georges Schild
The history about the faked Jubilee post card, printed by Sachs and Homberger, Zurich and sold by Pieper, Berlin.
FFE #8
The "300 LIEPAJA 300" special postmark also forged
Class: TR
Harry von Hoffman
The "300 LIEPAJA 300" special postmark also forged.
FFE #8
Great Britain King George VI letterpress postal stationery impressions
Class: Other
Alan Huggins
Illustrates and describes the philatelically produved Great Britain, King George VI letterpress stamped to order postal stationery dies struck on various colured paper which are often offered as proofs.
FFE #8
Notes on the "Green Post" of 1921
Class: TR
Heinz Erwin Jungjohann
More frequently on the philatelic market, especially in Internet, counterfeits of the stamps of Ghetto Litzmannstadt (Lodz) appear. Some of these fabrications, also on entires, are described. One should be warned of purchasing. The history of the so-called insurrection-fieldpost, Green Post, Upper Silesia 1920 is discussed critically and the handling of the theme in catalogues. Last a pr ocedure for expertizing of non-official issues will be introduced.
FFE #1
Fakes Forgeries Experts
Class: TR
A. Ronald Butler
A brief outline of FFE taxonomy, with examples: A faked stamp is a genuine stamp that has been altered with a view to enhancing its philatelic value? A forged stamp is a fraudulent imitation of a genuine stamp [] overprint or surcharge [] or [] postal obliteration ... 'Expert' may apply to individuals as well as committees.
FFE #1
Wondrous transformations
Class: TR
Albert Louis and Karl Albert Louis
Thirty-four illustrated and annotated examples (22 GB, 12 NL) of manipulations of rare classic material. Evidence is mainly gathered by comparative study of auction catalogues, old and new. Even unique and beautiful items are demonstrably "improved". Various types of manipulations are shown.
FFE #1
Postal fraud in tsarist Russia
Class: TR
Zbigniew S. Mikulski
Classic Russia and Poland (no.1). Thirty-one illustrated examples of postal fraud, including triple use of a stamp. With historical and geographical context notes. Fraudulent re-use (removed ink canc., etc), 18 ex. Plus postal forgeries, 13 ex, with different types and places of production and use of early 20th c. forgeries of 7 k. and 70 kopeck, and 3.50 rubles.
FFE #1
A rare stamp that should not be in existence
Class: TR
Emil Rellstab
PRO AERO 1938, 75 rappen, un-used ! - The cover article explains the background of the issue and how, rarely and only by mistake, a few copies of this stamp escaped cancellation. A forgery of the overprint is also described and shown.
FFE #1
Mutton dressed as lamb
Class: TR
Alain Huggins
A warning for GB embossed stamps 1847-1854 imitated by manipulation of telegraph forms and stamped to order postal stationery imprinted with similar dies. A particular note of skepticism concerning the 'die 5' of 10d, which may be non-existent. Even certificated copies could all be cut from postal stationery.
FFE #1
Forgeries of the second issue of Tibet
Class: TR
Wolfgang C. Hellrigl
Description and illustration of forged 4 tangka blue and 8 tangka red issue of 1914 (or perhaps 1920) in sheets of six. Nine different types appearing 1957-1992 (and a total of 39 distinct clichés). - By far, the classic Tibetan issue least plagued by forgeries !
FFE #1
Recent Hong Kong forgeries
Class: TR
Andrew M. T. Cheung
1891 "Jubilee" overprint; mint Q. Victoria 4c; inverted watermarks; Q. Victoria 18c Wm. Crown CC; 1948 $10 silver wedding; 1990's "mystery" missing yellows; SPECIMENs; THREE on 5c on 18c postcard; QE Annigoni $10 glazed paper w. PVA gum; treaty port postmarks; modern postmarks - even FDC's.
FFE #1
I got caught more than once
Class: TR
Otto Hornung
Personal experiences with repaired "1914 Sultans" of Turkey. A warning that probably manipulated covers is the main problem in Turkish philately. Since postal rates was little known, for long fakers had rich opportunity to "improve" covers by adding interesting stamps. Today, one must be wary of such covers.
FFE #1
Forgeries and literature in the electronic era
Class: TR
Charles J. Peterson
An argument and a call for FIP and/or AIEP to establish a centralised web page with information on forgeries. With illustrations and examples from the commendable Spanish [Barcelona] "Graus-web", to be found [01/2006] at http://graus.com/pral.asp
FFE #1
New Zealand 1996 "Teddy Bear" health stamps
Class: TR
Colin G. Capill
Story of how 40c health stamp 1996 was recalled (and replaced) three weeks before issue because original design depicted an illegal position of a child seat in a car. A few stamps with the erroneous design were inadvertantly sold. Status of the miniature sheet with incorrect design, however, is "not officially issued" as it was never sold "over the counter".
FFE #1
We need postal history expertizers
Class: TR
Ernst M. Cohn
Philisophically inclined article emphasizing challenges of postal history expertizing. Subtitles: The improved cover - The bogus cover - The genuine cover - Expertizing covers - Conclusions. - Statement that experts too often fail to recognize grey (as opposed to B/W) situations where it is right to say "No opinion", or "Yes, but...".
FFE #1
Postage due handstamps of Malta - fakes
Class: TR
Anthony Fenech
Description and illustration of forged ½d and 7d postage due handstamps. Genuine use of those denominations is still unknown, but faked letters from the 'Matteo Tabone e figli' correspondence have surfaced with forged ½d and 7d postage due handstamps.
FFE #1
Russian varieties are not always what they seem
Class: TR
Andrew Cronin
Description and illustration of how double perf. and partially imperf. ("fantails") stamps from Russia/USSR has arisen. A warning that systematic "improvement" of fantails has taken place to produce all imperf. stamps with margin, typically by cutting away the partial three-side perforation. Very few USSR stamps genuinely exist [all] imperforate.
FFE #1
Forged cancellations used on cover Dutch East Indies, made by R. E. P. Maier, found in the PTT Museum, The Hague, Netherlands
Class: TR
Hendrik W. van der Vlist
Description and illustration of forged "prephil" JAVA GENERAL POST OFFICE BATAVIA DOL=LORS STY=VERS and JAVA POST OFFICE SAMARANG DOL=LORS STY=VERS cancellations deriving from R. E. P. Maier (trialled and convicted in 1963).
FFE #1
I May 1840 - The story of an investigation
Class: TR
Patrick C. Pearson
Story of how the 1 May 1840 lettersheet from the Smith correspondence was examined 1997 by philatelic and forensic experts and finally declared authentic by the Expert Committee of the Royal in the face of two previous submissions (1978 and 1992) having yielded the opposite result. P. Holcombe and BPA believed it to be genuine already in 1992.
FFE #1
Belgique - Falsification de marque postales
Class: TR
Leo De Clercq
Arched AFFR INSUFF handstamps on classic Belgian covers. Forged and genuine examples.
FFE #1
The only forgery I detected myself
Class: TR
Paul H. Jensen
A faked overprint on the rare 1888 Norwegian 3/5 öre postal stationery reply paid ("double") postcard (believed to have a genuine circulation of only 50 cards printed). The forgery is believed to be old and a copy has been found in collections in each of Belgium and Germany.
FFE #1
"Gronchi Rosa"
Class: TR
Giorgio Colla Asinelli
A dangerous forgery of the L. 205 "Gronchi Rosa" from 1961.
FFE #1
How are the philatelic experts organised in the FIP member federations
Class: TR
Paolo Vollmeier
Results of a questionnaire. Summary of ten questions answered by 56 national philatelic federations.
FFE #1
New methods to identify fakes
Class: TR
Paolo Vollmeier
Mass spectrographic examination as applied to handstamps, forged and genuine, on prephilatelic letters from Italy, notably Venezia. With 22 illustrations.
FFE #1
The Fournier Collection at the Museum of Communication in Berne
Class: TR
Jean-Claude Lavanchy
Who was Francois Fournier? - Was he a counterfeiter, or not? - What do we know about his company's history? - With nine illustrations and some transcriptions of letters (in French).
FFE #1
FIAP expert teams working at Asian international stamp exhibitions 1996-1997
Class: TR
Tay Peng Hian
Findings from TAIPEI '96 and HONG KONG '97. With nine illustrations and further recommendations.
FFE #9
The Litzmannstadt/Lodz ghetto fabrications
Class: PH
Heinz-Erwin Jungjohann
In a short presentation some fabrications of the Litzmannstadt/Lodz ghetto-post are described. These are in circulation at the moment, but the article warns against purchasing.
FFE #9
The philatelic manipulations of Viktor Indra
Class: TR
Andrew Cronin
The late Viktor Indra was a Czech postal historian, who had an interest in receiving self-addressed and franked envelopes and postcards from out-of-the-way countries and territories in the period from the 1930s until well into the 1980s. The article shows examples of the mail he received from the Tuvan Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic and from the Carpatho-Ukraine in the transition period of 1944-1945, when that former Czech province was being liberated by the Soviet Army in World War II. He thus received extremely interesting postal history usages from both Tuva and the Carpatho-Ukraine and it is greatly to be regretted that Mr. Indra had a most unfortunate tendency to "improve upon" the envelopes and postcards he received, by later adding or modifying registration labels and cachets, as well as inserting addresses on mail that never went through the Post. The information set out in the article by Andrew Cronin FRPSL, TM, will help postal historians to separate out the items, which had been manipulated by Mr. Indra
FFE #9
Four Austrian military postal letters dated 1866, all to good to be true
Class: PH
Lorenzo Carra
The Author, narrates one of his early acquisitions, which didn't convince him totally even then, and proceeds to tell about later experiences with some letters, supposedly written during the Italian 3°War of Indipendence 1866, from the Austian Military Post, a question on which the Author deals thoroughly in his esteemed publication, "1866 La Liberazione del Veneto." Certain letters, stamped "K.K FELD POST EXPOS N.4", have resulted in being false. L.C. documents and motivates his considerations regarding the various methods of counterfeiting. Due to this experience, which has taught the Author much, fearing that more of these false letters made in the 40,s or50,s should come onto the market,he has forwarned collectors that at certain prices things can be, too good to be true!
FFE #9
The scientific microscope for fighting forgeries in philately
Class: Other
Prof. Dr. U.E. Klein
Scientific light- and UV-microscopes with magnification more than 400 times are new tools for examining the highly varying micro-composition and pigment-microstructures of printer?s dyes on stamps and dye mixtures of post markers. Illumination coming from the back side of the objects and transversing the paper is the secret. Examining the structures and not functional behaviour of printer?s dyes is the aim of this technique. Examples of newly discriminated excellent forgeries are given. Keywords: Transmission microscopy, Overprint forgeries, Microstructure of printer?s dyes
FFE #9
Detecting fakes by checking the postal rate
Class: TR
James Van der Linden
The overview concerns the basic information on conservation and artifact restoration of philatelic items to restore the cover to the state it was in when sent, and how far can one go i.e. what is legitimate as against improvements for gain of money. Furthermore is mentioned the list of possibilities of restoration, some tolerated, some bordering on forgeries. The conclusion deals with other forms of protection e.g. sunshine damage in exhibition rooms, and supplementary added inscriptions on the covers. Key words: Paper conservation - artifact restoration - original state of covers.
FFE #9
The counterfeits of the first Hellenic Olympic issues 1896-1900/01-1906
Class: TR
Michalis E. Tsironis
Presentation on the counterfeits of the Hellenic Olympic issues 1896-1900/01-1906. Specific importance and research on the 1906 issue, especially on the ΣΤΑΔΙΟΝ (ON ~ 1.2 mm) and ΣΤΑΔΙΟ Ν (O?N ~ 2.2 mm) postmarks. Keywords: 1906, Olympic Games, Counterfeits, Forgeries
FFE #9
Postage dues and fakes
Class: PH
Michèle Chauvet
A lot of forgeries can be identified if philatelists have a little knwoledge about postal history. About a french postage due stamp, one caracteristic example: from a very ordinary letter somebody has made a wonderful, but impossible one. Keys words : French Postage due - forgery
FFE #9
Some Brazilian fakes and forgeries
Class: TR
Paulo Comelli
The article deals with fakes with Swedish cancellation marls and the use of Normal Swedish cancellations for manipulative purposes. During more than 30 years, I have served as an expert-member of the Philatelic Expert-committee in Sweden. The committee works on a mandate from the board of the Swedish Philatelic Federation. As an expert, I have documented manipulations and false use of Swedish postal cancels. In this article, I will publish some of the results from this documentation Keywords: Normal-cancellation 59, Normal-cancellation 60, Normal-cancellation 61, Normal-cancellation 59G
FFE #9
Fakes with Swedish cancellation marks & the use of normal Swedish cancellations for manipulative purposes
Class: TR
Roland Frahm
The article deals with fakes with Swedish cancellation marls and the use of Normal Swedish cancellations for manipulative purposes. During more than 30 years, I have served as an expert-member of the Philatelic Expert-committee in Sweden. The committee works on a mandate from the board of the Swedish Philatelic Federation. As an expert, I have documented manipulations and false use of Swedish postal cancels. In this article, I will publish some of the results from this documentation. Keywords: Normal-cancellation 59, Normal-cancellation 60, Normal-cancellation 61, Normal-cancellation 59G
FFE #9
New studies of Oneglia/Panelli engraved forgeries
Class: TR
Carl Walske
Panelli's finishing touches on Oneglia's engraved forgeries can sometimes be detected by the perforations, cancellations, surcharges and even gum. Panelli apparently acquired a fairly large portion of the Oneglia stock in an unfinished state, but lacked Oneglia's tools for finishing the forgeries. New and different ones were used. In a few cases the perforation can be used to identify lithographed forgeries as having been made by Oneglia. Key words: Oneglia and Panelli Revisited
FFE #9
A cover that started a career in expertizing
Class: PH
Robert P. Odenweller
A cover from the Burrus sale of 43 years ago was combined with a stamp from the same sale by a Parisian dealer and offered for sale only a few years later by a different dealer in London. Anomalies in rate and cancellations raised suspicions that proved it fake. The analysis involved led to an interest in the whole process of expertizing, which has continued to this day. Key words: New Zealand via Marseilles David Feldman
FFE #9
Circumstantial evidence can help authenticate one-of-a-kind items
Class: PH
Fred F. Gregory
Unique items present difficult challenges for expert examiners asked to determine authenticity. This article explores how circumstantial evidence can be used to confirm findings based on physical evidence to arrive at a confident decision. A unique local cover sent in 1864 from one island to another in Hawaii was authenticated using other examples from the same correspondence, examples of handwriting, postal practices gleaned from the examination of other covers and physical evidence consistent with authenticity. Keywords: Hawaii; Honolulu; Bishop; Gulick; postmarks
FFE #9
The desirable authenticity of manufacture
Class: TR
Morten Johan Linstrup
Philatelists tend to scorn and avoid manufactured items. This article purpose to show that there may be a real place in philately for certain such objects. Two cases are presented. Firstly, in traditional philately, a manufactured - but clearly genuine - setting may lend credibility to a difficult stamp, the authenticity of which may otherwise be tricky to ascertain (Figure 1). Secondly, within postal history, a manufactured context may even be needed (sic) to properly tell right from wrong when observance of postal regulations was lax.
FFE #9
Expertizing the 15th example of the Sutherland stamp
Class: TR
Dr. Kauzuyuki Inoue MD
What are Sutherland Stamps? "Sutherland" is a name of a Yokohama-based company carrying mail and passengers with stage coach service between Yokohama and Tokyo in 1871, just before the inauguration of the Japanese Governmental Postal System. The company issued two kinds of local stamps: 1/2 Boo and 1 Boo. This time, the 15th example of Sutherland stamp was discovered and sold in an auction in November 2003. It was submitted to the Philatelic Museum for expertizing prior to the Auction, and our Expert Committee reached the conclusion that the stamp is genuine and it was recognized as the 15th example of the Sutherland stamp or the 8th example of the 1/2 Boo stamp. We introduce optical analysis by computer for our expertizing procedure. Key words: James Wilson Sutherland, Sutherland & Company, Philatelic Museum Expert Committee, Japan Philatelic Society Foundation scanner
FFE #9
An attractive use of British postal stationery in Beyrout?
Class: TR
Alan Huggins
The article provides a warning to collectors to double-check cancellations to ensure they are consistent with use of both adhesive stamps and postal stationery. In the case illustrated replacement stamp has been added to British registration envelope used in Beirut.
FFE #9
1948 Israel's first coins 3 mils perforated 10X10 fakes
Class: TR
Yacov Tsachor
1948 Israel's First Coins - 3 mils perforated 10x10 Fakes: The article gives details about the printing and the sale of the #1 - 3 mils perforated 10x10. 540 tabbed stamps were issues of which only appx. 100 assumed to have survived, making it one of Israel's rarest stamp. The vast majority of the stamps offered on the market are Fakes. Shown are all the known types of the Fakes.
FFE #9
Conservation, preservation and restoration. C P R. In philately how far?
Class: TR
John C West
A postal stationery post card issued in 1901 which since that time has been affixed to a page in an official collection. The illustration shows the browning effect of the high acidic level in the post card and its transfer to an adjoining page. The British Library, Philatelic Collections: The Foreign and Commonwealth Office Collection.
FFE #9
How to look after your collection - a basic guide
Class: TR
David R Beech
The article treats forgeries, created by adding or replacing stamps on covers, to make them more attractive i.e. more expensive. The replacements of defected or inexpensive stamps or adding?s to upgrade stampless covers, are illustrated. The range of the shown, commented forgeries starts with Belgium with further examples of Germany and the United States. The given advice concerns a profound knowledge of the use and sense of transit markings, routes and rates of the area of specialisation. Key words: faked covers by adding?s or replacements.
FFE #9
Large Hermes heads: Counterfeits of the so-called mixed frankings or combination covers
Class: PH
Wolfgang Bauer & Michael Tseriotis
Combination Covers are those with stamps of two or more countries and so fare not common at all. Greece was the only country in Europe using normal Large Hermes Head stamps as postage dues - other countries mark only the open amount on the coverfront. A lot of fakes were produced since long time to please the other collectors and the own pocket. Because of the complicated rates and regulations fakes were mostly accepted as correct! In this postal historian research is at the first time shown which Combination Covers are correct and why and which are faked or produced.
FFE #9
Forgeries to deceive the canadian post office part 2
Class: Other
Richard Gratton
This is the second part of an article started with FFE #8 on postal forgeries to defraud the Canadian Post Office. All know forgeries are described and technical information is given to permit the reader to understand the basic differences between the genuine stamps and forgeries. Two recent forgeries are described and show how extremely competent forgers can reproduce almost exactly self adhesive postage stamp (including fluorescent tagging). Key words: Postal forgeries
FFE #9
The Helsingør letter with NK 1,3 and 5 is manipulated
Class: TR
Finn Aune
?Combination cover with Norway no.1 and Oscar was manipulated. The cover, which represent the quite common 15 sk postage to Denmark, was regarded as unique because of the combined franking with Norway no.1 together with other stamps. Despite the fact that the cover has been well known for decades and has been shown as highlights in exhibition collections, it has now been discovered to be a fake. It is the expert of Norwegian philately, Finn Aune, who through thorough investigation has detected and proved that the Norway no.1 had never belonged to the cover at all. It is very rare that long time recognized showpieces of this kind later proves itself to be manipulated. At this moment there is only known one genuine combination cover with Norway no.1 (together 8 sk Oscar) and one piece (together with 4 sk Oscar).?
FFE #4
Engraved Forgeries ? Identifying the forger
Class: TR
Carl Walske
Engraving has been used less frequently than other means for producing forgeries. Most forgers have not made engraved forgeries of the same stamps, and it is possible, but not always, to identify individual forgers. The article reviews forgers including Jeffryes, Oneglia, Wada Kotaro, Gebrüder Senf, Cividini, and Winter, and their work. The piece concludes with notes on the forgeries of octagonal issues of Ceylon by Jeffryes and Oneglia.
FFE #4
New South Wales. The twopence ?EMU? postal forgery
Class: TR
A. Ronald Butler R.D.P.
A forgery recognised first as a variety in 1897, and despite its shortcomings, listed unpriced as a perforation variety by Stanley Gibbons for almost fifty years. Unlike the genuine two penny Emu, the forgery is lithographed and printed on unwatermarked paper. It is scarcer, but not rare, and it is worth 1000 times more than the genuine stamp. The writer reviews the genuine stamps and then examines the forgery. Means of identification are shown, and the perpetrator considered. No unused examples are recorded, and all bear genuine postmarks between March and May 1895. Based on a study of 25 examples, all are likely to have originated from post offices in Sydney. These are listed.
FFE #4
The forgeries of the classic stamps of Hungary
Class: PH
Gábor Visnyovski
Hungary used stamps designed and produced in Austria when they were first used in the Dual Monarchy. In 1871 stamps were issued valid only in Hungary, first printed in litho, and later in the same year, in recess. The same design, printed in letterpress was used for postal stationery, but a small issue of envelopes was printed in litho, and these were in use for a few months. The author considers forged handstamps on pre-stamp material, forged Tokay roulettes and bisects, and Hungarian cancellations on the 1867 issue. The characteristics of litho and recess printing are discussed, and forgeries in litho, distinguished by the regularity of their perforations, and made from postal stationery are examined. The forged 2 Kreutzer litho made from postal stationery is referred to and distinguished from the genuine. There is a recommended literature list.
FFE #4
Novelties from the forgery workshop
Class: PH
Rolf-Dieter Jaretsky R.D.P.
Fakes made from original material with additions are dangerous; the military post of the Second World War is no exception. The author inspected two items at an auction before inspecting the rest of a large consignment of military mail at an auction. Suspecting that 50% was doubtful, he bought the entire consignment with a right to return it if false, and submitted it to Hanfried Müller, an expert who declared all items to be fakes. These included winter parcels, airmail express cards, Danzig post and service marks, and airmail authorisation stamps. Items showed postmarks sharing the same date, and similar characteristics, from different units, and examples of the faking process are shown.
FFE #4
The manipulation of Czechoslovak Siberian legion material
Class: PH
Andrew Cronin
In 1919 three stamps inscribed VOJENSKÁ PO?TA were produced for the Czechoslovak Siberian legion, in denominations of 25 and 50 kopecs and 1 rouble. They were unnecessary since military mail passed free. The circumstances of mail produced by the legion are described. Since some cards carried no markings, they were later improved with genuine cachets and stamps, and also complete fabrications were made. Additional stamps and surcharges were also made at the time. The author records the range of abuse and malpractice in a comprehensive article, and examines the actions of Captain Antonín Novotný and J. Rössler-Oàovský. Addresses appearing on manipulated material are shown.
FFE #4
Three unusual covers
Class: TR
Herbert H Moll
Coincidence can give rise to suspicion. Three Peruvian covers are described. Two have serially adjacent certificate numbers, one from 1858 is thought to have a suspect postmark, another from 1873 may be good, and a third has the same postmark as the second, but from 1872. The problem is that all have identical handwriting although there is fifteen years between the first and the last.
FFE #4
Norway local post forgeries
Class: PH
Björn A Schöyen
Local posts flourished in Norway until 1888 when the Norwegian Post Office was granted a monopoly. The last local post closed in 1913. In Norway there was a collector and self appointed expert with superb material, a high reputation, and a great deal of knowledge. At the end of 1990 three Norwegian philatelists discussed the increasing number of previously unknown local postal history items. An obviously manipulated item was discovered, the police were involved, an investigation took place, a trial ensued, followed by a large fine and a confiscated collection. Over 100 faked handstamps are known, and an example of a manipulated item is dissected. Be wary of high priced local post items, and disregard certificates issued by H. Aarbogh.
FFE #4
Ægean islands 1912-1922: an overview and brief survey of forged overprints
Class: TR
Giorgio Migliavacca
Libia, Rodi, Simi, Cos, Stampalia, Calimno, Caso, Lipso, Patmos, Piscopi, Nsiros, Scarpanto, Leros and Karki. Overprints on Italian stamps (2c, 5c, 10c, 15c, 25c, 40c, and 50c) were made for Libya, and for the Dodecanese Islands in 1912. Discounted pricing in the Dodecanese is discussed, as is the production and high quality of the overprints. To meet philatelic demand large quantities were produced, and following strong demand further overprinting took place with no reduction in quality. The issue of the stamps, subsequent overprints and the actions of the Italian post office are examined. Forgeries date from the late 1920s to the 1950s, and since the material is generally inexpensive, it appears they were intended for the packet market. Extensive illustration and exposition follows covering twenty pages.
FFE #4
A miracle: Wenden No I ?on cover?
Class: PH
Harry v Hofman BPP FRPSL
From 1862, and not Wenden number 1. This stamp inscribed WENDEN?sche KREIS-BRIEF POST in blue and white was a trial. Essay, proofs or other trials have been seen in black on pink. A cover was offered to an auction house with the supposed ?Essay?, postmarked Wenden and Riga. Close examination reveals the date to be 1875. The errors made by the forger are listed, and the ?Essay? shown to be from a coloured label commemorating the 100th anniversary of Wenden stamps. Item withdrawn.
FFE #4
The forged ?Nationen? covers
Class: PH
Egil H Thomassen R.D.P.
Norwegian airmail covers bearing the red handstamp BEFORDRET pr. NATIONENS FLYVEPOST Kr-sand ? Kr-a 19-21 JUNI 1920 were flown from Kristiansand to Kristiania and are found postmarked 19th-21st June 1920. Others marked BEFORDRET pr. NATIONENS FLYVEPOST Kr-a ? Kr- sand 19-21 JUNI 1920 are found mainly in violet, with a few in red. In 1941 the auctioneer of OslofilatelistKlubb became suspicious of a cover handed in for sale. Examining five covers revealed four forgeries and the trail led to an individual who was prosecuted and found not guilty of acting illegally for monetary gain. It is not certain how many such covers were produced and the writer details how the forgeries can be identified.
FFE #4
Forgery (marked with faux) and falsification of the Europa-Cept-Andorra (Spanish) Mi.No. 71, issue year 1972
Class: TR
Jürgen Straub
Andorra issued a EUROPA-CEPT stamp in 1972. Following speculation the price rose and forgeries were produced. The forgeries are line perforated, and printed in offset litho, contrary to genuine stamps. FDC marked FAUX have had this removed and are offered on the philatelic market. The article describes the distinctions between genuine and forged items.
FFE #4
Forged postmark on the Saar miniature sheets 1 and 2 of 1948
Class: TR
Jürgen Straub
A wide margin between prices of mint and genuinely cancelled examples of the Flood Disaster Relief Fund miniature sheets from 1948 encourage the forger. The article demonstrates simple tests which distinguish between forged and genuine examples.
FFE #4
Indonesia ? are all inverted and double overprints indicated in catalogues genuine?
Class: TR
Giel J. Bessels, Peter F.A. van de Loo
The Netherlands expert committee was asked to examine overprints from the republican Indonesian period from 1945-49 on the 10 cent stamp of the Dutch East Indies bearing the crowned head of Queen Wilhelmina. The two types of this stamp are described as are the overprints on the same stamp during the Japanese occupation from 1942-45. Double and inverted overprints appeared in 1983. In 1998 examples were submitted to the Dutch expert committee who concluded that they were forgeries. More have been discovered since, and the details of the forgeries and their distinction from genuine stamps are set out.
FFE #4
Expertising Postal History
Class: PH
Edric Charles Druce
In considering expert groups advising juries at World and FIAP exhibitions the writer asks questions about items of postal history. Does it look right, is the stamp genuine and is the rate right are three important questions. Four covers are considered in this context, Jeffryes? forged Sydney views, an eight pence Laureate which is genuine but doesn?t belong, and analysis of a certificate follow. The writer is disturbed where certificates of genuineness are issued to genuine items for the wrong reasons and with the wrong postal history conclusions. Two items from Australia to the United Kingdom are considered in this context.
FFE #4
Provenance is a guarantee of authenticity. True or False?
Class: PH
Charles J.G. Verge, FRPSC
Inclusion in great collections of the past does not guarantee that an item is genuine. A double weight cover with two genuine six pence stamps (Scott and SG #2) sent from Canada to New York in 1851 was expertised in 1997 and 1998, and one of the stamps was certificated as not belonging. It had been in a series of star collections. A second item described as posted on 2nd February 1855 with twelve six pence (Scott #5), and in three ?great? collections, is shown to be from 1858. The writer urges collectors to have a questioning mind, and to seek expertising before an expert team requests it.
FFE #4
The small queens of Canada ? examples of good and bad
Class: PH
Charles J.G. Verge, FRPSC
Examples of bisected and imperforate Small Queen issues of Canada are shown. The bisected two cents from 1886 was unauthorised, but is good. The imperforate 2 cents used in 1897, might be right, but isn?t. Certificates are required for all unusual usages for this issue.
FFE #4
Sicily 1859-60. A fake cover and four genuine ones
Class: PH
Francesco Lombardo, AISP MRPSL
A Ferdinand II cover from Sicily to Florence is shown with a five Grana vermilion stamp. The canceller, the postmark, the rate and the ink are all wrong. There was no ship on the date in question, and there should have been postage due. The cover is discussed and four genuine items are illustrated and explained .
FFE #4
Postmarks. Genuine, false, or both?
Class: TR
Erwin Steinbrüchel
With reference to Switzerland, but acknowledging that his conclusions must be true for other countries, the author considers postmarks. He distinguishes between postmarks which served a genuine postal purpose, and ?postmarks? printed on stamps for philatelic purposes. The latter may be contemporary or backdated, and different ink may be used. Forged and faked postmarks are addressed including those made by ink jet printer or photocopier. Extensive description and illustration, accompanied by discussion of the characteristics of printed postmarks is supplemented by proposals on pricing items cancelled for purposes which were not postal.
FFE #4
New fakes on the Italian market
Class: TR
Georgio Colla Asinelli
Dangerously deceptive forgeries of Italian stamps are illustrated. These include the 20 Centesimi green wedding issue of the Kingdom of Italy, and others, which are described. The technique of the forger involves bleaching low values in the same size and perforation, and printing on the resulting blank paper. The writer refers to forgeries of French stamps emanating from the same print shop.
FFE #4
About the double overprints of Poland ? Michel 131 DD
Class: TR
Heinz Erwin Jungjohann
The methodology for the 1919 overprinting of Mi. 99, the 7½ Pfennig Germania stamp, with new values and Poczta Polska in Posen to produce Mi. 130, 131 and 132 is described. The consequential double overprints are explained. The types and plating the stamps is described, and Mi. 131DD is divided into two types.
FFE #4
Genuine ? but what?
Class: PH
Ernst M. Cohn
The writer distinguishes expertising stamps from expertising postal history. In the latter case two otherwise identical covers may in fact be quite different. With reference to mail carried by smuggler, mail cart, balloon, and by diplomat from Paris in the siege of 1870, and by courier from Budapest to Aachen or air and submarine from the USA to Germany in the First World War, the postal history of a series of covers is revealed. Expertising covers, in the sense of extracting their true postal history, demands broad knowledge, art and science. Experts like these deserve the highest philatelic esteem.
FFE #4
The ?Chameleon? cover
Class: PH
Peter Meyer
Three Brazilian covers with 90 Réis Bulls Eye and PARANAGUÁ cancels are described. The first is from 1973 sold as genuine but described by an expert subsequently as a creation to deceive collectors. A second, which may be the same, was sold in the same year. In 1988 a third appeared, and on expertising was described as a fake. In 1991 the same cover came into the hands of the author. The first and the last are in fact the same cover with later additions. Both are illustrated, and the deception and errors described.
FFE #4
?In dubio pro reo? in expert certification?
Class: Other
Felix Winterstein CPhH
Contrary to the principles of Roman Law which determines that where there is doubt favour the accused, in expertising the opposite must be the norm, which is that doubt goes against the accused. The author casts doubt on expert judgements which in their neglect of care and prudence fail to protect the purchaser and shift the burden of proof from the expert to the collector.
FFE #4
Alterations by R.E.P. Maier to pre-adhesive letters of the Netherlands
Class: PH
H.W. van der Vlist
The article lists and illustrates the fakes, forgeries, ?improvements? and manipulations of Raul Eduard Philip Maier who was tried in the Netherland in 1963. These affect many items from the Dutch East Indies. Maier?s stolen and embezzled letters are found in collections throughout the world.
FFE #4
Identifying genuine Buenos Aires ?barquitos? ? The surest way
Class: TR
Mario D. Kurchan
The Buenos Aries ?barquitos? or little ships are extensively forged. The stamps can be plated and an entire plate reconstruction of the 2 Pesos is illustrated. Photographic reproductions exist; therefore paper and size are two other tests to be used. These are explained and illustrated.
FFE #4
The first Zeppelin-mail forgery
Class: PH
Dieter Leder
The story that the first mail carried by Zeppelin was on the four hour fourth flight of LZ 3 on 25th September 1907 when mail was dropped over Romanshorn in Switzerland is shown not to be true. The flight details are reported and the improbability of a mail drop explained. The postcard sent to the USA by the mechanic Laburda and marked ?This card was found in a field at Romanshorn2 is shown to be an ordinary postcard, probably posted at the harbour Friedrichshafen in Germany, on 27th September, and that the manuscript addition making it the first Zeppelin mail, is a forgery. Rate, postmark, and language are the key elements in disclosing the forgery, together with historical context.
FFE #5
Fakes, forgeries and youth philately
Class: Other
Michael Madesker R.D.P., FRPSL, FRPSC
The F.I.P. Commission on Youth Philately has an internal expertising committee for Youth exhibits. The article warns that forgeries in Youth exhibits are mostly augmentations, such as improved postmarks, heightened colours and the addition of addresses to previously unaddressed material. Of greatest concern is the use of undesirable issues, and the commission advocates the use of catalogues to avoid these. Wrongdoers in the lowest age group are unlikely to be punished, rather they are educated. The other age groups are subject to the same sanctions as seniors.
FFE #5
Japanese forgeries of non-Japanese stamps
Class: TR
Varro E. Tyler ? A.I.E.P.
Kamigata, a Japanese dealer in the 1890s and 1900s forged Asian stamps for sale to tourists. Some were deceptive. He also forged non-Asian stamps. At first it was believed that these were imported and resold by him. In 1954, in a publication limited to 18 copies, and bearing 20 actual examples, it was demonstrated that these were his own productions. The author was sent a copy in 1986. Some are cancelled with partial circular cancels bearing the letters IMITATION. Most designs are crude. The article lists examples seen from 27 countries, and asks for readers to provide further information.
FFE #5
Mulready facsimiles
Class: PST
Alan Huggins R.D.P., A.I.E.P.
The author describes Mulready facsimiles produced by six publishers. All are illustrated, and are easily distinguished as forgeries since all lack the Dickinson security threads. However facsimiles by Brinkman have been seen exhibited as originals; hence the article and illustrations.
FFE #5
20 MR 76 Forgeries of the city post of Istanbul
Class: PH
Otto Hornung R.D.P.
Beware the date 20 MR 76 on covers of the Istanbul City Post. With an eminent background in Turkish philately, the author began his collection of the Istanbul City Post which ran from 1870 to 1884. One cover described was dated on arrival, 30th September 1868 or 69. There was no city post at this time, and the City Post hand stamp was dated 20 MR 76. At Corinphila and ISFILA in 2001 two more covers with the same date were seen. These are not new forgeries, and the covers were genuine before the forger ?improved? them. One other manipulated cover is described and all are illustrated.
FFE #5
Forged registered letters Liepäja ? Ventspils, 1945
Class: PH
Harry v Hofman FRPSL, A.I.E.P. Wilhelm van Loo BPP
Simultaneously at many auctions in 2000, registered covers from 1945 in Latvia appeared. These were franked with overprinted Courland stamps together with Reichspost, particularly commemorative, stamps. Given the state of the war and the ?Courland Encirclement?, these are unbelievable, but they also have attributes which allow them to be shown as forgeries. These include identical handwriting in addresses, incorrect and anachronistic address forms, and incorrect frankings. Auction houses in Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland indicate that these are all from the same source in Berlin.
FFE #5
Modern techniques help everyone
Class: Other
Dieter Leder
On the use of computers in expertising. With a computer a scanner and graphics software overprints on Finnish ZEPPELIN 1930 are compared. The methodology is described in which one overprint is overlaid on a known genuine overprint in a step by step guide.
FFE #5
Large Hermes heads of Greece: 1861 Paris print final proofs sold as issued stamp
Class: TR
Michael Tseriotis A.I.E.P.
The large Hermes heads of Greece were engraved in Paris by Albert Barre. A perfectionist, he made a large number of final proofs which are hard to distinguish from the issued stamps where both have no gum. The only guarantee of an issued stamp from the 1861 Paris printing is that it has gum. Over many years gum has been added to proofs by dealers and swindlers to allow them to sell them as issued stamps with full gum. Some with smooth and thin gum are easy to detect. Others are very dangerous. Degrees of rarity are described for each value. There are few single examples with false cancellation. Multiples larger than a pair are rare. A 20 lepta block of four offered with a first day cancellation in Greece was determined by comparison to be the same as an unpostmarked item described as a final proof in Switzerland in 1992. At almost the same time another, falsely cancelled block of the 10 lepta was offered in Athens. The source was the same and is under observation. Great care is to be taken in buying used 1 lepton stamps in singles or in multiples.
FFE #5
New German postal forgeries part 1
Class: TR
Wolfgang Maassen BPP, Wilhelm van Loo BPP
There have been forgeries designed to defraud the German post office for many years. The situation was bad in the 1990s. Offset printings of current stamps had flooded the market prior to September 2001. The author considers the situation unlikely to improve. Five stamps are examined and illustrated: Mi. 1756; Mi.1939; Mi.1935; Mi. 2013; and Mi. 2026.
FFE #5
Serbia 1866/80. Franked newspapers, genuine and fake
Class: PH
Jovan Velickovic A.I.E.P
Serbia newspaper stamps from 1866/9 and 1869/80 used on whole newspapers or complete fronts are rare. Six examples recorded over twenty years are considered, four of which are forgeries. The rates and usage are described, and the degrees of rarity are discussed, as is the reason for this situation which include the ephemeral nature of newspapers and the exigencies of war. The ?Bosanski Vjesnik? from 13th August 1866 is described and illustrated, and considered to be a forgery. Misuse of genuine cancellers is known between 1890 and 1930, and the canceller used here may be an example. The ?Seljak? newspaper advertisement is described as it meets all of the tests for genuineness: the item is from the right time; the rate is correct; the address is correct; the printing of the stamp is from the correct time; a missing piece of paper from the edge of a fold is found on the reverse of the stamp. The ?Srpske Novine? dated 20th January 1873 is addressed to a non-existent bank, and false, while another copy dated 23rd December 1873 is correct. The ?Radnik? of 31st March 1872 was a ?star? item, but in the opinion of the author, notwithstanding certificates, is false. The canceller is from the wrong period, and the stamps are not tied. Another copy of the same newspaper from 3rd March 1872 is known but has not been examined by the writer, despite a request for a colour copy. Finally a ?Srpske Novine? dated 26th November 187? has stamps which are not tied and not from the right time. The author believes that a bundle of ?Radnik? newspapers were found and have been used to create forgeries.
FFE #5
Tampering
Class: TR
Alfredo Navarra Payá A.I.E.P.
Manipulated copies of the Spanish 1865 12 Cuartos imperforate with inverted frame, and the unissued imperforate 4 Cuartos pale blue are considered. Sperati bleached the centre of the 12 Cuartos and reprinted it inverted. The first subject of the article was produced in a similar way and its distinctive characteristics are described. The origin of the 4 Cuartos is explained, and single stamps are described, both genuine, in pale blue (Type I), and with perforations cut off, in darker blue (Type II). A cover bearing the darker blue, type II stamp, lifted, replaced with clipped perforations, but genuine postmark is illustrated. The colour and type are wrong, and there is a gap around the stamp between the edge and the canceller where the perforations were removed.
FFE #5
First issue of Kingdom of Saudi Arabian stamp (proclamation of Amir Saud)
Class: TR
Mohammed K. Safdar
The characteristics of genuine and forged examples of the 1934 Proclamation of Emir Saud as Heir Apparent of Saudi Arabia, are listed in tabular form. All are illustrated.
FFE #5
Suriname: Princess Wilhelmina forgeries
Class: TR
Richard Wheatley FRPSL
International cooperation leads to a mystery being solved. The writer purchased six Surinam used Princess Wilhelmina stamps, correctly described as forgeries, and allegedly produced by a chocolate manufacturer for advertising purposes in the 1920s. The printing process differs from the original and the perforation is not the same. Research demonstrated these to have been produced in Lausanne by a French forger and that the number of forgeries in circulation probably equalled the number of genuine stamps. The literature mentioned no postmark. These were cancelled and the canceller was reconstructed and reproduced in The Netherlands Philatelist. Three other cancels were revealed in correspondence from the USA, Scotland and The Netherlands, but no chocolate manufacturer.
FFE #5
Argentina 1862 issue, 15c. without accent on the U of Republica
Class: TR
Mario D. Kurchan A.I.E.P
The two types of the 1862 Argentina ?small shield? issue are described. In position 51 of the 15 centavos the U in Republica appears without an accent. 375 sheets were printed, and estimated 90% have been lost, leaving this is one of the rarest Argentinean stamps and thus a target for forgers. The Sperati forgeries are shown with one other, and the tell tale signs of the genuine stamp are reproduced from the Kneitschel catalogue.
FFE #5
Forgeries of handwritten indications on old letters
Class: PH
Paolo Vollmeier R.D.P.,A.I.E.P.
Modern additions to early letters are illustrated, the writer regrets that genuine letters have forged additions, such as the Cross of St Andrew and the Gallows, to make them more interesting to postal historians.
FFE #5
San Marino ? An altered cover and a ?phantasy? cover
Class: TR
Vito Salierno
In the early days of postal history covers were manipulated by the removal of unsightly stamps and the addition of interesting values to make three and four colour covers leading to incorrect rates. Two are considered here. One from 19th November 1862 from San Marino to Venice is shown in its original and manipulated state. The other was probably produced by a German dealer Otto Bickel. It bears three Italian, six San Marino, and a Sardinian stamp. The stamps complied with no known rate, the Sardinian stamp was invalidated on 31st December 1863, but the cover arrived in Saltzburg despite being a philatelic fantasy.
FFE #5
Faked entires from Venezuela 1859-1872
Class: TR
Kurt E. Kimmel A.I.E.P.
Six manipulated items which have been offered for sale, and sold, as genuine are described. The first a 2 Reales bisect with a false postmark, the second with an additional r Reales stamp, the third with an incorrect franking including an added bisect and added ?handstamps?, and the fourth with an impossible postmark. This example, the fifth and the sixth are addressed to ?Gaden and Klipsch?, Bordeaux. This archive is the source of many items with added adhesives, and great care is essential. The fifth item has a forged canceller distinguished by incorrect lettering and the last has added adhesives, genuinely postmarked, but not on this cover. The author warns that most mixed frankings are dangerous, that most mixed franking HAPAG covers with Venezuelan stamps are manipulated, and should be treated with caution, even when offered with certificates. Expert knowledge, and reference material are required if the collector is to judge the material and its certification correctly.
FFE #5
The ten most important Canadian fakes for the last 30 years
Class: TR
Richard Gratton FRPSC, AEP, A.I.P.A., AQEP
Ten modern fakes of Canadian stamps with missing colours or perforations from 1971to 1992 are illustrated and described. The information is summarised in a table together with numbers of genuine and forged examples known to the author since 1988. Article in French.
FFE #5
Faked postmark on Michel DR No 429 with railway postmark
Class: TR
Jürgen Straub
Following reports of forgeries of Mi. 429 and 434, a check on examples known to a collector revealed a forged LEIPZIP-HAMBURG BAHNPOST canceller for Z. - - 84 8.2.30. The writer warns that it must be suspected that this canceller is in private hands, and that further fakes are likely.
FFE #5
Forgery of the 1948 West Berlin Michel Nos 62 and 63
Class: TR
Jürgen Straub
Forged examples of these stamps are described and their characteristics listed in a table. The forged examples are the 20 and 30 pfennig values. The writer suspects that the 10 pfennig value may appear as a forgery since these set purchased contained a genuine and two forged stamps. Perforations differ as does the appearance under UV light.
FFE #5
Faroe Islands 1941
Class: TR
Carl Aage Møller A.I.E.P.
A genuine 10 øre Franco Betalt cover to Thorhavn was expertised by the writer. Following its sale in two auction houses, it was consigned by Arne Damkjær for sale in Switzerland. A further FRANCO BETALT mark with manuscript 30 and registration labels had been added. At the request of the writer it was re-expertised, signed FALSCH, and removed from the auction. The cover is illustrated in its original and manipulated states.
FFE #5
Greenland 1921
Class: PH
Carl Aage Møller A.I.E.P.
A parcel card with 10 øre Pakke-Porto stamp belonging to a German collector was sold at auction to Arne Damkjær. The 10 øre stamp was removed and four stamps of the 1905 issue were added and cancelled with a forged postmark. It was wrongly issued with an expert certificate and consigned for sale in Switzerland. At the request of the writer it was re-expertised, signed FALSCH, and removed from the auction. The card is illustrated in its original and manipulated states.
FFE #5
Denmark/Greenland 1937
Class: TR
Carl Aage Møller A.I.E.P.
A parcel card bearing a 40 øre caravelle stamp was sold as part of a collection in Germany in the early 1990s. After purchase by Arne Damkjær 3 copies of the 20 øre Pakke-Porto stamps were added, date and weight were changed and the manipulated item submitted for expertising to the writer, who issued a certificate in 1996. In 1907 Eric Wowern issued a certificate indicating that the card might be a fake. After being unsold at several auctions it was offered in Switzerland and the writer offered to re-expertise the item. Further examination revealed the deception and it was expertised as a fake, and removed from the auction. The card is illustrated in its original and manipulated states.
FFE #5
The riddle of the Cavalla surcharges of 1913
Class: TR
Andrew Cronin FRPSL, TM, A.I.E.P.
Bulgarian stamps were surcharged with Greek values by hand in Cavalla following the Second Balkan war of 1913. The background to the issue is explained and the ?dramatis personae? listed. The literature of 1919-20, and later, is referred to, and two conflicting versions of events relating to the production of these stamps are revealed. The article considers these two versions using the evidence of the material, and reaches conclusions which are set out. The conclusions are that there are genuine covers and cards which went through the post to their destination. Desirable and rare. There are surcharges of the Toccos second printing on pieces or official Bulgarian postal envelopes ?cancelled with the connivance of postal officials in Cavalla?. Of doubtful philatelic value. There are forged surcharges on pieces or official Bulgarian postal envelopes with forged cancellations. Philatelically valueless.
FFE #5
The engraved forgeries of Ceylon revisited
Class: TR
Chris Harman, Patrick Pearson R.D.P., Carl Walske
An article in FFE 4 (pp6-8) sought to identify the makers of forgeries of the Ceylon octagonal stamps. The present article notes that all forgeries of the Ceylon octagonals previously illustrated are by George Kirke Jeffryes, whose activities are described. Forgeries by Jeffryes and Erasmo Oneglia of Turin are considered and described in detail with reference to archive material at the Royal Philatelic Society of London. The research is summarised and listed for material known to have originated with both of the forgers. References to earlier publications and research are included as footnotes.
FFE #5
?Mythical? falsification of frankings
Class: PH
Emil Rellstab A.I.E.P.
Expert opinions demand that the distance travelled and the weight of a letter are verified, and that the period of use of the stamp is known. Two examples demonstrate this. ?Zürich 4? was valid only within urban Zürich. Mail to destinations outside this area cost 6 Rappen. A folded letter with a single ?Zürich 4? addressed to Kloten is clearly wrong, but has an expert history going back 50 years. It was not until 1989 that it was shown to be a forgery. A cover from Niederglatt to Zürich with a bisected and single 5 Rappen stamp was sent on 24th April 1855. From 1st January 1852 the rate was 10 Rappen, and no fractional rate values existed after this date. The cover was withdrawn from circulation at the beginning of 2000.
FFE #5
Some Italian States fakes and forgeries
Class: PH
Paolo Vaccari
Seven covers from Italian states are described. Each has been illustrated in Vaccari Magazie, and each has been manipulated in some way by the removal, replacement or addition of stamps, by ?improvements? in postmarks or paper or by the addition of forged postmarks. Covers are shown and described in full from The Duchy of Modena, The Provisional Government of Parma, The Papal States and The Provisional Government of the Romagne. Illustrations are shown in each case before and after manipulation.
FFE #5
Liberia ? Forgeries of SG 328-31
Class: TR
Luciano Varaschini
2 Cent and 5 Cent Liberian stamps were locally overprinted 1 Cent and 2 Cents respectively in 1916. There is speculation as to why this was necessary, and this is discussed. There were eleven types of surcharge with the eleventh being the most rare, and it has thus attracted the attention of forgers. The characteristics of the forgeries are described, and it is noted that all cancelled to order (CTO) examples are forgeries, since this cancellation was made in London, and only mint stamps were sent to Liberia. Most forgeries are CTO, but are still a threat to collectors due to the many types of CTO used on Liberian stamps.
FFE #5
The counterfeit of the E.T/ÓÌÕÔÍÇ overprint
Class: TR
Michalis E Tsirónis
In May 1919 Greek forces occupied Smyrna. For a brief period Greek stamps were overprinted. Following approval for the overprint on 13th June, it was rescinded on 14th June resulting in a very short period of use, and small number of stamps in total. The overprints are described in technical terms and genuine copies are compared with the forgeries both in text and detailed illustration. A bibliography is provided.
FFE #5
Pre-adhesive fakes
Class: PH
Edoardo P. Ohnmeiss ASPOT
With greater interest by postal historians in the pre-stamp period, the writer proposes that this period is divided between the period of manuscript markings, namely the Precursory period, and the use of handstamps, namely the Pre-adhesive period. Examples from the latter period, the handstamps of the Napoleonic postal departments in Italy are presented. These were in use for many years after the occupation had ceased. Rarity of some handstamps from the Napoleonic period has caused forgers to change dates on material used after 1814. These can be demonstrated under UV light or from internal evidence of contents. Nine covers with false DÉBOURSÉ handstamps have been identified, and identification of these is discussed. The use of historical and postal analysis of DÉBOURSÉ handstamps is explained, and significant differences in size between the genuine and false marks are pointed out.
FFE #5
The 80 days of Zara. Zara ? a report on the period and its history
Class: TR
Emil E. Ludin A.I.E.P.
The complex origins of the overprints on Italian stamps in Zara (Zadar) from September to December 1943 are explained. This closely written explanation examines the various stories that have grown up around the 90 day issue, and demonstrates the truth or otherwise of these stories. The wartime history of the town, its evacuation, and subsequent rôle in the war are chronicled. The setting used for the overprint was broken up under supervision after the printing process was complete. This makes expertising easier since reprints and different settings do not exist. From November and December 1943 significant quantities of fakes were circulating, particularly in the USA. Identification of the forgeries is explained, both through observation of letter shapes, and through the use of UV light, as is their certification. The diagonal overprint ZARA is reported to be a fantasy.
FFE #5
Imperial Russia: forgeries of coat of arms stamps with inverted centre
Class: TR
Zbigniew S. Mikulski A.I.E.P., Ortwin Greis A.I.E.P..
Many Imperial Russian inverted coat of arms stamps are very rare, there are forgeries and fakes, and preliminary expertisation is essential before purchase. Cut out and inverted centres are easily detectable using magnification, preferably by microscope. Forgers now use advanced techniques including cleaning off and reprinting the centre. Nine examples from a reference collection were found to be false, and the characteristics of these forgeries are described in detail. Collectors are warned about the unscrupulous use of words such as ?essay, rarity, proof and unique item?. These printing forgeries from the East for collectors in the West are supplemented by others using cut out techniques to be described in a later article.
FFE #5
Australia the story of SG 0126a
Class: TR
Krysztof Ceremuga A.I.E.P
Australian stamps were overprinted ?OS? during 1931-33 for official use. In 1999 a five pence orange brown overprinted stamp was found on small multiple watermarked paper rather than C of A watermark. After catalogue listing by Gibbons and Scott, a fanfare in the press, and special display at Australia 99, the author?s certificate states that the stamp is forged. The article demonstrates how his opinion is reached. The overprint in this position on genuine stamps is described; the colour of the ink, the postmark, and the fact that the postmark is under the overprint demonstrate that the stamp is a primitive forgery.
FFE #5
Australia the story of SG 0126a
Class: TR
Krysztof Ceremuga A.I.E.P
Australian stamps were overprinted ?OS? during 1931-33 for official use. In 1999 a five pence orange brown overprinted stamp was found on small multiple watermarked paper rather than C of A watermark. After catalogue listing by Gibbons and Scott, a fanfare in the press, and special display at Australia 99, the author?s certificate states that the stamp is forged. The article demonstrates how his opinion is reached. The overprint in this position on genuine stamps is described; the colour of the ink, the postmark, and the fact that the postmark is under the overprint demonstrate that the stamp is a primitive forgery.
FFE #5
SCADTA under the magnifying glass
Class: PH
Dieter Bortfeldt
SCADTA stamps have always been of interest and there are many forgeries, some of them before 1940, others from 1979-90. Renewed recent interest, and high prices have provoked a new wave of forgeries, especially those bearing the provision ?R? hand stamps. The writer has examined 80 such covers and considers only 10% to be genuine. The article lists, explains and illustrates in twelve pages examples of these forgeries.
FFE #6
Wondrous Transformations (continued from FFE No.1)
Class: TR
Karl-Albert Louis FRPSL, A.I.E.P.
An extensive article demonstrating the manipulation of Great Britain stamps 1840-1882 showing through photographic evidence, the original and 'improved' material. Sixty-seven illustrations. Follows on from previous article in FFE #1 in which thirty-four illustrated and annotated examples (22 GB, 12 NL) of manipulations of rare classic material. Evidence is mainly gathered by comparative study of auction catalogues, old and new. Even unique and beautiful items are demonstrably "improved". Various types of manipulations are shown.
FFE #6
From the Baltic - Even small cattle make manure
Class: PH
Harry v. Hofmann FRPSL, A.I.E.P.
A fieldpost letter dated 27th March 1943 sent to Königsburg is described and shown to be a forgery, as is a postcard sent to the same address. The distinction between forged and genuine German fieldpost marks is illustrated. Note that other similar items are to be found.
FFE #6
Egyptian postage due covers of 1898
Class: PH
Peter A.S. Smith FRPSL, A.I.E.P.
Genuine postage due covers from the Egyptian element of the Anglo-Egyptian 1898 campaign to the Sudan are rare. Fake covers were produced mainly by Victor Nahman and these regularly appear in dealers' lists and at auction. These well made forgeries datestamped Halfa, Merowi, Arbara and Darmali are described and demonstrated by comparison with genuine postmarks.
FFE #6
Perspectives on expertisers
Class: Other
Ernst M. Cohn
The history of expertising and the case for precision and change are developed in an extensive article which i.a. considers expertising in classical philately in comparison with the demands of expertising in postal history. There is a case for honest doubt to be recorded on certificates, for experts to be confined to their areas of specialism, for museums to be more willing to accept their material being judged, and for collectors to be more aware of the limitations of expert opinion. However, and expert expertiser is part of the philatelic elite.
FFE #6
Comment on Ernst Cohn's observations on the BPP in his article "Perspectives on expertisers"
Class: Other
Dr. Hans-Karl Penning, President BPP
The President of the BPP defends the rules of the organisation in respect of the comments made by Ernst Cohn.
FFE #6
A note for your attention
Class: TR
Enrique Soro Bergua A.I.E.P.
Stamps and postal history items from Spain a e illustrated and explained in their original and subsequently manipulated states. These include perforated stamps of the 1865 issue, and letters from Avila, Galicia Puebla, to Cuba, from Fernando Po, to Cebu and from Manila during the classical period.
FFE #6
Identifying forged type
Class: Other
Roy A. Dehn
An exposition on the naming of parts and the structure of typefaces.
FFE #6
The French 40 c. postage due
Class: TR
Jean-François Brun R.D.P., A.I.E.P.
On the Sperati forgeries of the French 40 c postage due of September 1871.
FFE #6
A rather clever fake cover
Class: PH
David MacDonnell A.I.E.P.
In praise of Eliot Perry, a pioneer in the logical approach to expertising with particular reference to a cover bearing Scott # 160 and # 153, from Salem Massachusetts to Zanzibar in 1873 or later.
FFE #6
Forgery of Bolivian postage stamps
Class: TR
Eugenio von Boeck
The postal forgery of Bolivian stamps in 1894 is recalled and the modern postal forgery of the 15 Boliviano UPAEP, the 2 Boliviano Ceramica Cochabamba, and 6 Boliviano Cristo de la Concordia are reported.
FFE #6
New German Postal forgeries part II
Class: TR
Wolfgang Maassen FRPSL, AEP, Wilhelm van Loo BPP
A second postal forgery of the 110 Pf Schloss Bellevue, a third of the 100 Pf Marlene Dietrich, the 1200 year anniversary of the Bishopric of Paderborn (10th June 1999), the International Year of Senior Citizens (Mi. 2027), Europa 2000 (Mi. 2213), and the 50th Anniversary of the Frauenhofer Society (Mi. 2038), are reported and the challenge facing the German post office reviewed.
FFE #6
The Canary Islands without number
Class: TR
José Llach A.I.E.P.
Forgeries of stamps overprinted to commemorate the visit of General Franco to the Canary Islands in October 1950. Insist on a certificate for this stamp Mi. 9871; Edifil 1083.
FFE #6
The 1906 forst Worldwide Olympic postmarks ΑΚΡΟΠΟΛΙΣ (Acropolis), ΖΑΠΠΕΙΟΝ (Zappeion), ΣΤΑΔΙΟΝ (Satdion) and their counterfeits
Class: PH
Michalis E. Tsironis
1906, the 10th anniversary of the first modern Olympic games in Athens, saw the second issue of commemorative Olympic postage stamps, and its first commemorative postmarks. The postmarks, their usage and forgeries are illustrated and described by comparison with genuine marks. A comprehensive bibliography and list of collections concludes the piece.
FFE #6
The acceptable face of conservation of philatelic material
Class: Other
Patrick Pearson R.D.P., A.I.E.P.
The stabilisation of a local letter sheet fro Ceylon is described as an acceptable form of conservation in contrast to an enhanced 1st May 1840 Penny Black cover illustrated in FFE #1. Precise instructions must be given to conservators to avoid damage.
FFE #6
"Special X-ray techniques for examining stamps and covers"
Class: Other
Edward M. Liston A.I.E.P.
The use of X-ray diffraction, fluorescence and transmission are described in determining paper, pigment and repairs with references to other publications on the subject.
FFE #6
Japanese forgeries of non-Japanese stamps by Varro E. Tyler
Class: TR
Richard Wheatley FRPSL
Illustration and discussion of the Japanese Kamigata forgeries of Suez Canal stamps including a forged cover and cancellations.
FFE #6
Forged Hungarian pre-stamp covers
Class: PH
Dénes Czirók MRPSL
Production of forged Hungarian pre-stamp covers emanates from a number of forgery workshops. BARANYAVÁR, P.CSEKLÉSZ, CSONGRÁD, SZOLNOK, ÉRSEKÚVÁR, PÁPA, GYŐR, KÖRMÖTZBÁNYA, NEUDORF, ÁCS, VIZSOLY, and Th. SAMBOKRET are marks found on several hundred covers now distributed around the world. Check your collection.
FFE #6
Alpenvorland Adria
Class: TR
David B. Ganse
The background to the 1945 Alpenvorland - Adria stamps, and that of those issued for Provinz Laibach is related. The disputes over, and judgements on the Alpenvorland - Adria issue are revisited at length, and the question of whether these are fakes, forgeries or bogus is addressed. The author concludes that they must have been produced from official resources, and are in fact an unissued set from the closing days of the Second World War.
FFE #6
A plea for the consideration of small values
Class: TR
Heinz Erwin Jungjohann A.I.E.P.
An extended request for further information on issue dates, first usage and perforation varieties from the Polish inflation period. MI. numbers 171, 172, 173, 180, 181, 182, 183 and 184 are referred to. Usage before reported issue date is a question also in relation to the Upper Silesia plebiscite overprints. Collectors of Poland are urged to examine their collections and to report anomalies.
FFE #6
Spectroscopic examinations of stamps' colours for age assessment and authentication
Class: Other
Robert Neunteufel
The use of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy (EDF in determining the status of black handstamps from the 18th and 19th centuries is discussed. The composition of inks historically and in more modern times is set out, and the results from a series of 32 covers judged by philatelists and this technology are reported. The former could make no determination on four covers while the latter produced a result in all cases, with three 'genuine' philatelic judgements found false, and one forged judgement found to be genuine. This technology has applications also in judging stamps.
FFE #6
An interesting
Class: PST
Mario D. Kurchan A.I.E.P.
5 c postal stationery, April 1876 - February 1877 is shown unused, with a forged cancellation, and faked.
FFE #6
The myth of the 5 c surcharge in the Paraguay 1 Real rose of 1878
Class: TR
Mario D. Kurchan A.I.E.P.
The 1878 one Real rose of Paraguay surcharged with 5 (cents) in blue is a forgery. The rectangular canceller with date ending in 7 8 is shown to be false.
FFE #6
Identification of covers with Sinkiang provisional airmail stamps - formation of the Northwest airline and the issuance and use of Sinkiang provisional airmail stamps.
Class: Aero
David Lu FRPSL A.I.E.P.
The history, usage, postage rates and flights of the 1932-33 provisional Sinkiang airmail stamps (SG 83-86; Scott C1-4) is presented. All cancellers are illustrated since comparison with genuine stamps is the best evidence of forgery. Dates of flights are tabulated, rates and addresses are listed, and many western and Chinese style covers are reviewed with their provenance, and the reasons for judging them false are given. An extensive bibliography and auction catalogue list completes the article.
FFE #2
Restoration
Class: Other
A. Ronald Butler
The author discusses acceptable restoration of fine art and unacceptable repair of philatelic material. While a collector may consider repairing a damaged, but exceptional item, the decision may have been taken for him already by a previous owner. In this context an unadopted essay by William Bell for the 1857 "Emblems" issue for the Colony of Victoria is discussed. Restored items appropriately labelled may be included in exhibitions, but if not declared, their inclusion must down grade the exhibit.
FFE #2
Forgeries and Fakes
Class: TR
Jean-François Brun R.D.P.
In distinguishing between genuine and forged stamps different printing techniques must be understood - letterpress, recess or gravure, and litho. Forgeries printed by methods other than the original, and those made in the same way as the original are considered. Faking by addition of false overprints or postmarks is discussed in this context, as is faking by removal, as in the addition of perforations. Finally faking by chemical transformation is included. In French, and the English text is a synopsis while captions to the illustrations are not translated.
FFE #2
The stamp is genuine; the obliteration is not
Class: TR
Pierre Guinaud
Forged or faked postmarks ao Swiss sitting Helvetias are the subject of this extensive piece set in the context of the sale of these stamps by the Swiss post office from 1st July 1887. The writer considers the addition of postmarks to this stock, both genuine but antedated and forged. Postal clerks colluded in this, and the known fakes with dates are listed and illustrated, followed by forged Fournier postmarks through to modern marks made by photocopying machines.
FFE #2
Dangerous overprint forgeries on the postage stamps of Yugoslavia from recent years
Class: TR
Jovan Velickovic
Postage stamps were surcharged in Yugoslavia during the inflation and hyperinflation period ending in January 1994. The sale of bulk stamps by the post office, for example in 1990, allowed large quantities to come into the hands of forgers. Mi. 2142, 1985; Mi. 2363, 1989; Mi. 2557, 1992; are illustrated. More than 40 phantom issues were created for collectors after 1991, and small volume issues of Republika Srpska and the Serbian Republic of Krajina were also forged. Beware of forgeries and falsifications on UN and other official mail from 1992-1996.
FFE #2
Modern techniques help the expert team of the Dutch federation
Class: Other
Pieter F.A. van de Loo
Technical equipment used in the Netherlands is shown. This involves the use of a 'KRONTRON' frame grabber camera, stereo microscope with a revolving 'table' (platen), cold light unit and printer. By overlaying images of forged and genuine items such as postmarks and overprints, forgeries can be identified.
FFE #2
New methods to identify fakes II
Class: Other
Pavel Pittermann, Miroslav Musil
The use of EDF-XRF (X-ray fluorescence) was shown in FFE1. The writer considers the use of infra-red and ultra-violet light with spectral analysis in covers from 1873, 1816 and 1835. Its limitations are demonstrated in the case of the Czech 50/50h DOPLATIT overprint of 1927 (SG D280a). The system is cheaper but the mich more expensive ED-XRF system is required in some cases.
FFE #2
The metamorphosis of the cross
Class: PH
Gérard Desarnaud
An 1877 letter with the 'Sage' type 30 c cancelled JAFFA with a Jerusalem cross is illustrated, as is the much less desirable state of this extremely improved piece. Offered in auction, it was withdrawn, only to be offered by another auction house later.
FFE #2
Faked, forged and falsified space mail
Class: PH
Walter Michael Hopferwieser
Space mail is mail sent to and from the space stations 'Mir' and 'Salyut 6', and to and from Star City near Moscow or the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and other space locations. The characteristics of such mail are discussed and forgeries considered. This extensive article consists primarily of Russian material, but the US moon landing of 1969 (Apollo 11) items from Apollo 14 and controversial mail from Apollo 15 are included. The translation of the German word 'bord' into English 'board' should be replaced in the readers mind by 'ship'.
FFE #2
The cebicitas to France
Class: PH
Michèle Chauvet
Markings on mail sent from Buenos Aries to France via England are discussed. Since it was cheaper to hand mail directly into the British post office in Buenos Aries, such mail franked to this port of departure is very uncommon. However, except for the local franking, the postal marks on internally, franked and unfranked mail are usually identical. Such a letter is considered and its faking unmasked partly by considering the plausibility of its transatlantic transit time.
FFE #2
Fakes and forgeries of the Swedish printing error 20/tretio
Class: TR
Helena Obermüller Wilén
The origin of the Swedish 20/TRETIO error of 1879 is explained. The distinctive features of the Fournier forgery is illustrated as are subsequent forgeries including one on cover postmarked MAJORNA 18.6.1880. A bibliography is included.
FFE #2
Nicolas Frères
Class: PH
Jean-François Brun R.D.P.
Bisected and quadrisected French stamps on covers from Nicholas Fréres during 1870-72 are illustrated, usually cancelled with numeral 1139 and with CORNIMONT postmarks. Despite being judged to be genuine, and being illustrated in specialist works, all are fakes, despite some having expert certification.
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